Abstract: To clarify the distribution characteristics of 0-30 cm topsoil in different regions of Hunan Province, screen suitable topsoil stripping technologies, and reveal regional soil physicochemical properties, this study aims to provide technical support for the improvement of cultivated land quality, soil resource conservation, and ecological restoration of production and construction projects in Hunan Province. Taking five typical geomorphic units, namely the Dongting Lake Plain, Central Hunan Hilly Area, Eastern Hunan Mountainous Area, Southern Hunan Mountainous Area and Western Hunan Mountainous Area as research objects, field typical mixed sampling, regional comparative analysis and indoor physicochemical tests were adopted. Soil indicators including pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, soil texture and total cadmium were determined to analyze the regional and overall topsoil characteristics of Hunan Province. The results show that red soil（51%), paddy soil（16.5%）and yellow soil（12.6%）are the dominant soil types in Hunan Province, jointly accounting for more than 80 % of the total provincial soil area. The topsoil across the province is generally strongly acidic to slightly acidic（pH 4.5−6.5), with medium-to-high organic matter content（20−40g·kg⁻¹), widespread phosphorus deficiency and medium total nitrogen content. Nevertheless, soil limiting factors vary greatly among regions. The Dongting Lake Plain features highly fertile topsoil, accompanied by local gleyization and cadmium pollution. The Central Hunan Hilly Area suffers from heavy soil texture, soil acidification, insufficient phosphorus and potassium, and prominent cadmium enrichment. The Eastern Hunan Mountainous Area has high available-potassium content yet severe soil-water loss. The Southern Hunan Mountainous Area is characterized by thin topsoil and rocky-desertification risks. The Western Hunan Mountainous Area boasts the highest organic-matter content in Hunan, but is troubled by widespread cold-waterlogged paddy fields and serious soil erosion. This study can offer scientific references for topsoil resource protection and utilization, land reclamation and cultivated-land-quality improvement in Hunan Province.