Abstract: In order to explore the changes of soil microbial diversity in continuous cropping fields of Pseudostellaria heterophylla, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of continuous cropping land treatment on the yield and quality of Pseudostellaria heterophylla, soil microbial diversity and structural distribution by using the first stubble field treatment (CK) as the control group. The results showed that compared with the first stubble land, the fresh weight yield, polysaccharide content, and saponin content of Pseudostellaria heterophylla in the continuous cropping fields were all reduced, with the fresh weight yield decreasing by 76.85%, the polysaccharide content decreasing by 3.16%, and the saponin content decreasing by 75.00%. The number of unique or shared fungal OTUs in the rhizosphere soil microorganisms of Pseudostellaria heterophylla was different between the continuous cropping land and the first stubble land. The number of OUT of unique fungi and bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of continuous cropping land was lower than that of the first stubble land (CK). The composition of fungal community in the rhizosphere soil of continuous cropping land exhibited greater difference, while the bacterial community composition showed higher similarity. In contrast, the composition of bacterial community in the rhizosphere soil of first stubble land (CK) exhibited greater difference, while the fungal community composition showed higher similarity. In the continuous cropping soil treatment, the significantly enriched root-zone soil fungal communities included Chytridiomycota, Mortierellomycota, and Mortierella, etc. In the first-stubble land treatment, the significantly enriched root-zone soil fungal communities mainly were mainly Mucoromycota, etc. In the continuous cropping soil treatment, the significantly enriched root-zone soil bacterial communities included Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, and Rhodanobacter, etc. As for the first-stubble land treatment, the significantly enriched root-zone soil bacterial communities included Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Ochrobactrum, and Acinetobacter, etc. This study preliminarily explored the differences in the diversity and distribution characteristics of fungal and bacterial communities in the rhizosphere soil of continuous cropping land and the first stubble land, which provided a reference for solving the continuous cropping obstacle of Pseudostellaria heterophylla.