Abstract: To clarify the application effects of new-type fertilizers on winter-planted potato production in Fujian Province, this study used Minshu 2 as the test material and established six treatments: a no-fertilizer control, a conventional fertilization treatment, and four new-type fertilizer treatments. Field plot experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of different fertilization treatments on potato yield, quality, and soil physicochemical properties. The results showed that compared with the no-fertilizer control, the fertilization treatments increased total yield by 2.8%–19.3% and marketable tuber yield by 7.2%–24.9%. Among these, the treatment combining bio-organic fertilizer with slow-release high-potassium fertilizer showed no significant difference in yield from the conventional fertilization treatment, but significantly increased tuber potassium content by 6.6%–7.3%, and performed best in terms of soil alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium contents. The application of slow-release high-potassium fertilizer significantly increased soil available potassium content, demonstrating a notable slow-release effect. The sole application of bio-organic fertilizer helped maintain soil pH stability and increase organic matter content, whereas the conventional chemical fertilizer treatment led to a significant decrease in soil pH. In summary, the combined application of bio-organic fertilizer and slow-release high-potassium fertilizer can maintain yield levels while improving tuber nutritional quality, and simultaneously increase soil organic matter and available potassium contents, thereby playing a positive role in alleviating soil acidification and enhancing soil fertility.