Abstract: Effect of different straw incorporation quantities on the soil fertility of farmland and agronomic traits, yield and economic characters of rice after tobacco were studied. The results showed that the straw incorporation quantity per 667 m² of 500 kg (7500 kg/hm²) could effectively improve the soil fertility and increase the organic matter content by 1.18 g/kg, and the content of alkali solution nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium by 25.7 mg/kg, 25.7 mg/kg and 3.7 mg/kg, respectively. Also it could increase seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight of rice, increase the yield per 667 m² by 69.9 kg (1048.5 kg/hm²) and net income by 216.9 yuan (3253.5 yuan/hm²).