Abstract: The research on the physiological response of aquatic insects to the chemical-induced toxic pollutants has become a cross-over research hotspot in the field of entomology and environmental science in recent years. In this paper, the research progress of the physiological response of the enzymatic activity and the expression level of some genes in the larvae or adults of aquatic insects, such as Diptera, Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera, etc., to the three chemical-induced toxic pollutants of heavy metals, organic pesticides and microplastics was reviewed. Then, it was pointed out that the research object should be expanded in the future research, and the interaction law and mechanism between the proteins and enzymes in aquatic insects and the pollutants should be deeply studied, which could not only promote the water quality monitoring and environmental protection, but also provide theoretical support for the artificial breeding of the aquatic resource insects.