Abstract: This study aimed to explore the active components of Aquilaria sinensis tea and their therapeutic mechanism in diabetes treatment. The active components of Aquilaria sinensis tea were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The Swiss Target Prediction database was used to collect the targets corresponding to these active components, while the diabetes-related targets were collected from the GeneCards and OMIM databases. Then, the component targets and disease targets were screened for the potential therapeutic targets by using Venny analysis. The Cytoscape 3.7.1 software was used to construct the component target-disease target network, and the STRING database was applied to build a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The DAVID database was used for Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of the potential targets. The molecular docking validation of the core targets was performed by using the RCSB PDB database and AutoDockTools 1.5.6 software. Twenty-three active components such as phytol, friedelin and β-amyrin were identified by using the GC-MS method. Through the database, 372 active component targets and 3,168 diabetes-related targets were collected, from which 183 potential targets for A. sinensis tea in the treatment of diabetes were screened out. These potential targets were mainly enriched in the following functions and pathways, such as the insulin impairment signaling, insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling, and positive regulation of the ERK1 and ERK2 cascades in the biological processes. The cellular components included the plasma membrane, receptor complexes, and cell membrane, etc.; in terms of molecular function, there were kinase activity of transmembrane receptors and collagen receptors, and platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptor activity. The KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the potential targets were mainly involved in the pathways related to cancer, insulin resistance, and endocrine resistance. The results of molecular docking showed that the core components could bind to the key target proteins stably. In conclusion, the active components of A. sinensis tea played a role in the treatment of diabetes through a multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway approach. It was speculated that the active components such as α-tocopherol, β-amyrin and phytol in A. sinensis tea may modulate the key target proteins including AKT1, IL-1β, and SRC, thereby regulating the pathways related to cancer, insulin resistance, and endocrine resistance, so as to achieve the therapeutic effects against diabetes, which provided a theoretical basis for the development of natural medicines for diabetes treatment.